- Шалом!
- Сказано в недельной главе Ваякэль: ”6 дней делайте работу а седьмой день будет у вас святым, Шабатом….”
- Мэам Лоез спрашивает зачем сказано “6 дней делайте работу”? Ведь достаточно сказать что в седьмой день не делайте работу. Ответ: чтобы евреи которым не удается найти время на изучение Торы в течении недели знали что в Шабат нужно обязательно учиться, а не увеличивать время на еду питье и сон. Но на первый взгляд с этим объяснением возникает проблема, ведь как известно в Шабат есть мицва спать, есть и пить. Поясняет МАМ”Л, что это относится только к тем кто всю неделю учит Тору. Из этого видно что (это уже мое скромное мнение) в наше время в Шабат нужно учиться также и людям посещающим Колель и ешиву.)
- Интересный момент
- Тосефта: Как все уже знают в Эрев Песах будет Благословение Солнца, которое произносится раз в 28 лет. Но в этом году это будет особенное время. В Эрев Песах благословение солнца было только дважды в истории во время выхода евреев из Египта и в год Пурима. Привожу часть статьи на английском сайте википедии:
- Birchat Hachammah (ברכת החמה, "Blessing of the Sun") refers to a Jewish blessing that is recited on the Sun once every twenty-eight years.
- According to Judaism, the Sun has a 28 year solar cycle known as machzor gadol (מחזור גדול, "the large cycle"). A solar year is 365.25 days long and the "Blessing of the Sun", being said at the beginning of this cycle, is therefore recited every 10,227 (28 times 365.25) days. The next time that it will be recited will be on April 8, 2009 (14 Nisan 5769).
- The same blessing is recited upon experiencing numerous natural phenomena, including but not limited to lightning, comets, meteor showers as well as wondrous natural topography, such as great mountains, rivers and vast wildernesses.[1] When recited for these other experiences, the blessing is recited alone without additional verses or Psalms etc. The text of the blessing itself is as follows:
- "ברוך אתה ה’ אלוקינו מלך העולם עשה מעשה בראשית"
- "Blessed are You, LORD, our God, King of the Universe who makes the works of Creation."
Primary sourcing
The primary source for the institution of Birchat Hachammah is a Beraita mentioned in the Talmud:[2]
- "תנו רבנן הרואה חמה בתקופתה...אומר ברוך עושה מעשה בראשית"
- "Our rabbis taught: ’He who sees the sun at its turning point...recites the blessing of ’the maker of works of creation."
The edited portion speaks of other astronomical phenomena, the interpretation of which is ambiguous. The Beraita continues on to clarify when this ’turning point’ occurs:
- "ואימת הוי אמר אביי כל כ״ח שנין"
"And when does this happen? Abaye answers: every 28 years..."
Next, the Beraita explains the basis of the 28 years:
- "והדר מחזור ונפלה תקופת ניסן בשבתאי באורתא דתלת נגהי ארבע"
- "...when the cycle renews and the ’season of Nissan’ (i.e. vernal equinox) falls in Saturn, on the evening of Tuesday going into Wednesday."
This explanation provided by Abaye is based on a ruling of Shmuel also mentioned in the Talmud:[3]
"Shmuel stated: The vernal equinox occurs only at the beginning of one of the four quarters of the day, either at the beginning of the day or at the beginning of the night, or midday or midnight. The summer solstice only occurs at either at the end of 1.5 or at the end of 7.5 hours of the day or the night. The autumnal equinox only occurs at the end of 3 or 9 hours of the day or the night. The winter solstice only occurs at the end of 4.5 or 10.5 hours of the day or the night. The duration of a season of the year is no longer than 91 days and 7.5 hours."
Shmuel’s calculations, however, are incorrect because the earth does not travel around the sun with a constant speed.[4] His imprecision, according to Abraham ibn Ezra, was a function of the desire of the time to avoid the necessity of manipulating fractions.[5][6]
Codification in Jewish law
- The Shulchan Aruch states that this blessing, generally said upon experiencing natural phenomena, should also be recited upon witnessing the chammah b’tekufatah (חמה בתקופתה). This term, quoted from a Beraita, is explained by the Chofetz Chaim as referring to the point in time at which the Sun returns to the start of its cycle, similar to when it was created.[7]
- As explained below, the blessing is recited on the morning after the Sun completes its cycle; ideally, it should be recited at sunrise,[8] referred to in Jewish law as haneitz hachammah (הנץ החמה). It is preferred to recite the blessing with a multitude of people, in keeping with the principle of b’rov am hadrat melech.[9] The Magen Avraham and the Levush insist that it be recited within the first three hours after sunrise.[10] The Mishnah Brurah, however, states on behalf of numerous Achronim that it is permitted the blessing to be recited until halachic noon.[11]
According to most opinions, the blessing may only be recited if the Sun can be seen.[12] However, if the Sun is completely blocked by clouds, there is a minority view that allows the blessing to be recited nevertheless, because essentially the blessing is on the concurrence of the Sun’s physical position with the timing of the day.[13]
Overview
According to the Babylonian Talmud,[14] the Sun makes a 28 year cycle to return to the position that it was in when the Universe was first created.
- According to Jewish tradition, the Sun was created[15] on the fourth day (יום רביעי, yom rivi’i) of the week of Creation. Because Jewish law, considers the time unit of a day to span from evening to evening,[16] the beginning of the halachic fourth day, so to speak, is on Tuesday evening at sundown. The 28 year cycle therefore begins and ends at the point in time when the Sun was created, this being sundown on Tuesday.[17] The Sun only returns to this exact position at sundown on a Tuesday once every 28 years.
Despite the rigorous calculations that follow, there is no synchronization of this prayer and the actual astronomical point in time when the sun crosses the celestial equator; the symbolism is no different than a situation in which the molad for Tishrei would fall out by day on a Saturday and Rosh Hashanah falls out on Sunday.
The vernal equinox
As explained in the Talmud, there is a tradition that the Sun was created in its vernal equinox position at the beginning of the springtime Jewish lunar month of Nissan.[18] The sages of the Talmud settled disputes over the halachic definition of the vernal equinox by establishing it on March 25 of the Julian calendar. Because both the Julian calendar and Jewish tradition define a solar year as exactly 365.25 days, the halachic vernal equinox historically fell out on March 25th every year.
In summary, Birchat Hachammah is recited when the vernal equinox (the position at which the Sun was created) occurs at sundown on a Tuesday (the time at which the sun was created).
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